The altitude that provides acceptable navigational signal coverage for the route, and meets obstacle clearance requirements, is the minimum:

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The aircraft’s transponder fails during flight within Class D airspace.

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When are you required to have an instrument rating for flight in VMC?

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In the case of operations over an area designated as a mountainous area, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of

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